verb physical_contact_deformation

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *-špí

Proto-Crow-Hidatsa *špi

Crow -špi, dú- ‘break open’ [redupl, pá- ‘by force’ prefix] RG, GG:44 , p’špušpi ‘break open with a pointed object’ [daC-] GG:53 , dašpí ‘single out, cut (horse)’ RGG:25

Hidatsa -špí, na- ‘finish talking (cut it off?)’ [striking prefix] J

Proto-Mississipi-Valley

Proto-Dakota *-špi

Lakota -špí, na- ‘break off e.g. fruit with the foot’ EB:359b , -špí, wo- ‘shoot off e.g. fruit’ EB:609b , wóšpi ‘pick berries; take gifts from a Christmas tree, > give gifts’ EJ , -špí, ya- ‘pick off, as do birds berries’ EB:628b , -špí, yu- ‘pick or gather e.g. berries, to pull off, pick off e.g. cherrie s from a tree’ EB:652b

Dakota yuśpí ‘pick or gather’ SRR:642b