laugh

verb psychic_emotion_expression

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *-xahe ~ *-xehe

Proto-Crow-Hidatsa *khá•

Crow káa RG, GG:50, RGG:51

Hidatsa khá• ‘laugh’ J

Pre-Mandan

Mandan í_kxąh ‘tease, laugh, smile’ H:126

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *í_(k)xa

Proto-Dakota *i_xá

Lakota ixá ‘laugh’ RTC

Dakota iḣá ‘laugh’ SRR:190b

Stoney į́xa PAS

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere *ikšá

Chiwere iʔsá ‘laugh’ LWR , ʔiʔsá RR

Hoocąk hikšá ‘laugh, smile’ KM:947 , hikša

Proto-Dhegiha *í_xa

Omaha-Ponca í_xa ‘laugh’ RR

Kanza/Kaw í_xa ‘laugh’ RR

Osage íxa , †í_xa ‘laugh, titter’ LF:81b

Quapaw í_xa ‘laugh’ RR

Proto-Southeastern *axéhe ~ *įkxehe (?)

Proto-Biloxi-Ofo

Biloxi háxahĕ, iñkxihí, iⁿkxihi ‘laugh’ D&S:218b

Ofo ashehi ‘laugh’ D&S:321b , iⁿshéhi, iⁿshehí ‘laugh at’ D&S:321b

Proto-Tutelo-Saponi

Tutelo īñkçē; inksēha , †įkse•ha ‘laugh’ N, H , iñkcéha , †įkse•ha JOD

Proto-Catawba

Catawba haha KS , kaha

General comment

Doublets in Ofo/Biloxi suggest Proto-Siouan *-xahe ‘to laugh’ and *í- ~ į- plus *k plus *-xahe ‘to laugh at’, where the root is made transitive by the prefixes. MRS shows only *k-xahe, Dakota and DH *i-xahe, Mandan and Chiwere/Hoocąk the full derivation. Biloxi/Ofo had both derived and simplex forms; Tutelo has only the full derivation. The variation in vowels in OVS is not accounted for. Hidatsa kh is from earlier *kVh or *kVx.

Language Cognate Phonetic Siouan Meaning Comment Sources