verb physical_contact_deformation

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *-htó•pe

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-htó•pe

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere *-thó•pe

Chiwere wari•thó•we ‘grind’ RR , ra•thó•we ‘chew’ RR

Hoocąk mąkóbočóp ‘pestle’ KM , mąąkoobocop, mąąką hobocop ‘grind with mortar and pestle’ KM:47 , boocóp ‘cut in small pieces’ KM:1946 , boocop ‘chew, v.tr.’ KM:2545 , mąącóp ‘chop, v.tr.’ KM:3249 , mąącop ‘elevator (from grain elevator?)’ KM:3811 , racóp , racop , wacóp , wacop , woorúcop , woorucop

Proto-Dhegiha *-htópe

Omaha-Ponca ðattóbe ‘grind’ MJS:38 , thatúbe

Kanza/Kaw battóbe; battobe ‘grind, pound fine’ EB, RR , dáttobe ‘cook until it falls apart dattobe’ RR , yuttóbe ~ yuttówe ‘plow, break virgin ground’ RR

Osage gaṭóbe , †kahtópe ‘shatter, pulverize’ LF:47b

Quapaw kattówe ‘break in pieces’ JOD , dattówe ‘chew to pieces’ JOD

Proto-Southeastern

Proto-Biloxi-Ofo *-tho•p-ka

Biloxi nĕtópka , †netópka ‘pestle’ D&S:200b

Ofo ĭtcạthó̄pka , †ičəthó•pka ‘pestle’ D&S:324b , pathó̄pka , †pathó•pka ‘red-headed woodpecker (?)’ D&S:328, JSS