burn (3)

verb physical_condition_change

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *xú•-re

Proto-Crow-Hidatsa

Hidatsa šaru-he•, ará- ‘scald sth.’ J

Pre-Mandan *-xu•-

Mandan dáxu•roʔš ‘it’s burning’ RTC

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *ɣú

Proto-Dakota *ɣú ~ *ɣų́

Lakota ɣú ‘a place where a prairie fire burned everything; cook until black, to burn while cooking; completely burned wood’ RTC , ɣu, oná- EB:395a, EJ

Stoney ʕų́ PAS

Sioux Valley ɣú ~ ɣų́ PAS

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere *Ra•xú

Chiwere daxúhi ‘burn, caus.’ GM

Otoe dáxu •burned’ JDH

Hoocąk xú, taa- ‘be burned; conflagration, n.; burn, v.tr.’ KM:3100, WL:20.20 , taaxu

Proto-Dhegiha *Rá•ɣüɣe

Omaha-Ponca naɣíɣige JOD

Kanza/Kaw dá•ɣüɣe ‘burn to a crisp; cracklins’ RR , wadáɣüɣe ‘crackers’ RR

Proto-Southeastern

Proto-Biloxi-Ofo

Biloxi dáxŭníyĕtu , †dá-xu-nį́-ye-tu ‘they burnt her’ D&S:169b

General comment

Languages other than Lakota appear to require the heat instrumental. If Pre-Dakota also required this instrumental, then the initial ɣ may have been produced by intervocalic voicing. In DH the same root, ɣü, appears to be used with other instrumental prefixes with the generalized meaning ‘crack’. Both Dakotan dialects and Biloxi show alternate forms with nasality, as Biloxi -ni < *-re following a nasal vowel. Hidatsa šaru < *šura by rightward vowel exchange; note that Hidatsa has a different fricative ablaut grade.

Language Cognate Phonetic Siouan Meaning Comment Sources