verb physical_contact_deformation

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-špú

Proto-Dakota *špú

Lakota -špu, waná- ‘break off, as in trampling on pumpkins’ EB:539a , -špú, ya- ‘bite off anything stuck on; to pull something off with the teeth’ EB:628b, EJ , -špú, yu- ‘pull off what is tight with the hand’ EB:652b , -špú, wa- ‘cut up, cut into pieces; to rip e.g. a seam, to rip up, cut as in ripping; to cut off a piece’ EB:552b , -špu, aká- ‘cut off a piece by striking, cut off on’ EB:70a , -špu, wapá- ‘break off; push with the hand and break off something attached’ EB:547a, EJ , -špu, hiípa- ‘pick the teeth’ EB:175a , -špú, kpa- ‘toothpick’ EJ , -špúšpu, pa- ‘loosen one’s own’ EB:317b , -špúšpu, wo- ‘break off or cut in pieces e.g. a cake’ EB:435a , yušpúšpa ‘punch to pieces, as a cake of tallow’ EB:609b

Dakota yuśpú ‘pick off w. the hands’ SRR:642b

Proto-Dhegiha *-špǘ

Kanza/Kaw -špǘ, ba- ‘push grains off the ear, shell’ RR , -špǘ, yü- ‘shell dried corn with the hand’ RR , -špǘ, ga- ‘shell, hull, strike off (as corn)’ RR

Quapaw -špí, di- ‘shell corn’ RR