verb physical_contact_deformation

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan špé

Pre-Mandan *:pe•- (?)

Mandan rá•pe•roʔš ‘he broke it (by foot)’ RTC , rá•pe•roʔš ‘he broke it (by mouth)’ RTC

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-špé

Proto-Dakota špa

Lakota špahA ‘peel off’ EJ , -špa, wayú- ‘break off pieces; pull off a piece e.g. skin after sunburn, or scab after healing’ EB:573a, RTC, EJ , -špá, ya- ‘bite off a piece, to break off a piece with the mouth’ EB:628b , -špá, pa- ‘cut or break a piece off with a knife pressing hard’ EB:435a , -špá, wo- ‘punch or shoot off a piece, knock off a piece by shooting or punching’ EB:609b , -špá, wa- ‘cut off a piece, cut up, to scalp; to cut off a piece, cut up, to scalp with a knife’ EB:552b, EJ , -špá, na- ‘break off anything with the foot’ EB:359b , -špá, ka- ‘separate, cut loose from; to strike off a piece, perhaps’ EB:291b , kašpápi ‘dime’ EJ

Dakota -špá, yu- ‘break off’ SRR:642b

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere

Chiwere -šwé, la- ‘bite off’ GM , bašwá ‘cut off a part’ GM

Proto-Dhegiha *-špé

Omaha-Ponca špašpa ‘fragment’ MAS:81

Kanza/Kaw gašpášpa ‘chip off many pieces’ RR , bašpé ‘push off a piece of something’ JOD, RR , bášpe ‘cut something off w. a knife’ RR , bóšpe ‘shoot off a piece from the surface’ JOD, RR , bušpé ‘rub or knock a piece of sth. off’ JOD, RR , gašpé ‘cut in two, cut loose from, cut a piece.’ RR , nąšpé ‘kick or scrape off, as sth. stuck to the foot’ RR , yašpé ‘bite off a piece from the surface of sth.’ RR , yušpé ‘pinch off, pull off a piece’ RR

Osage shpézhiⁿga , †špéžįka ‘fragment’ LF:134b , thishpé , †ðišpé ‘break off’ LF:149a

Quapaw íkašpe ‘break from weight’ [bdíšpašpa ttíšpašpa] JOD , ídišpe ‘break off’ [páašpášpa pádašpášpa] RR , -špášpa, di- ‘tear into pieces vt’ [bdíšpe ttíšpe] RR , -špašpa, pá- ‘dice, cut into small pieces v’ RR , -špé, di- ‘pull off sth. adhering vt’ RR , -špé, ka- ‘cut off, knock off a piece v’

Proto-Southeastern

Proto-Tutelo-Saponi

Tutelo ólacpéwa , †olašpe ‘cut off a piece’ JOD