verb physical_contact_deformation

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *-xúxE

Proto-Crow-Hidatsa

Hidatsa -xuxxE, nax- ‘scrape, shave’ [rka] J , -xuxxE, naka- ‘break by instrument, break in two’ J , -xuxxE, ara- ‘break by feet’ J , -xuxxE, ará- ‘burnt to a crisp’ J , -xuxxE, ná- ‘break by teeth, hatch’ J , -xuxxE, nú- ‘break by hand, break across the grain’ J , -xuxxE, pá- ‘break by stick, break across the grain’ J

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-xú•ɣE

Proto-Dakota *xúɣA

Lakota xuɣáhą ‘broken in’ EB:196a , xuɣáhA ‘dent e.g. a kettle so there is a hole in it’ EJ , -xúɣA, na- ‘crack e.g. a nut with the foot or by knocking’ EJ , -xúɣa, pa- ‘break or push a hole in e.g. a kettle; to crack by pushing e.g . an egg’ EB:426b , -xuɣa, waká- ‘break e.g. the skull, kettles etc.’ EB:525a , -xúxuɣa, ka- ‘smash e.g. eggs, a head, anything brittle’ EB:276a , -xuɣa, wayá- ‘crush with the teeth’ EB:563a , -xúɣa, yu- ‘crack something, using the hand’ EB:639a , xúɣe ‘something that is broken in’ EJ

Dakota ḣúġa , †xúɣa ‘broken in’ SRR:167b

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere

Hoocąk xúx, gi- ‘crack, v.tr. (e.g., nut)’ KM:433 , gixux ‘break something brittle with the foot; break (something brittle) of own accord’ KM:2273, WL:18.15 , xúx, nąą- ‘break something brittle with the mouth’ KM:2584 , nąąxux ‘break something brittle’ KM:2770, WL:20.16 , xúx, ra- ‘break something brittle by pressure or pushing’ KM:3536, WL:19.4 , raxux ‘break in pieces something brittle by shooting, by blowing, by great force’ KM:104 , xúx, ru- , ruxux , xúx, wa- , waxux , xux, boo- booxúxux , booxux booxuxux

Proto-Dhegiha *-xǘ•ɣe

Kanza/Kaw daxü•ɣe ‘cracklins, to make’ RR , gaxü•´ɣe ‘break in by striking’ RR , yaxü•´ɣe ‘crush with the teeth’ RR

Osage xüɣe

Quapaw dixíxe ‘crack nuts, nutcracker’ RR , †kaxíxe ‘crack sth., as an egg’ JOD