shake (4)

verb physical_motion

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *yąyą́•he, *rąrą́•he

Proto-Crow-Hidatsa *rará•

Crow tannaá ‘tremble, shiver’ GG:57

Hidatsa rará• ‘tremble’ J , nará•

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *yąyą́

Proto-Dakota *čhąčhą́

Lakota čhąčhą́ ‘shake, tremble’ EB:115b , čhą́čhą, na- ‘to shiver, tremble; to make shake with the foot’ EJ , čhą́čhą, pa- ‘push someone gently to wake him up’ EJ , čhą́čhą, pu- iyaya ‘pass under, stooping’ EJ , čhą́čhą, wo- ‘be very much attached to one’ EJ , čhą́čhą, ya- ‘make shake with the mouth, as a dog does its prey; to get people’s attention in a meeting’ EJ , čhą́, yu- ‘sift, shake in a sieve; fig., not to have, be without’ EJ , čhą́čhą, yu- ‘make shake, in sifting’ EJ , čhą, iká- ‘sift or shake as in sifting’ EJ

Dakota ćaŋćáŋ , †čhąčhą́ ‘shake, tremble, have the ague’ SRR:86b

Proto-Dhegiha *žą

Kanza/Kaw žą, íga- ‘sift, as flour or sand’ RR , -žą́že, yü- ‘shake something, rock a cradle’ RR

Quapaw žǫžǫ́ ‘shake’ JOD , žǫ́žǫ, ídi- ‘shake, as a person or tree’ RR

Proto-Southeastern

Proto-Biloxi-Ofo

Biloxi nana´yĕ , †nanáye ‘loosened, as teeth’ D&S:231a , nana´yĕyĕ´ , †nanáyeyé ‘shake a tree to get fruit’ [causative] D&S:231a , duna´nayĕyĕ´ , †-nánayeyé, du- ‘shake a person’ [causative] D&S:231a

Ofo tạtā´hi , †tətá•hi ‘shake, tremble’ D&S:329, JSS

General comment

This is an irregular set as MVS forms uniformly suggest *yą; Biloxi has a reflex of *rą. Double M’s in Crow seem to be from rw after loss of an intervening vowel. Thus double N is most likely from rr, probably the cognate part here. The unexplained Crow ta- is perhaps the first element of a compound. If *r > n early in Ofo, or in Proto-Biloxi-Ofo or even earlier, there should be Ofo n rather than Ofo t here. This tends to argue against interpreting a-dot as a reflex of *ą in this instance. Catawba činá ‘shake’ (Ss/Sw in Kanza/Kaw) is vaguely similar.

Language Cognate Phonetic Siouan Meaning Comment Sources