n/a
Proto-Siouan-Catawba
Proto-Siouan
Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-(a)pi ~ *-(a)pe
Proto-Dakota *-pi
Lakota -pi
Dakota -pi
Proto-Dhegiha *-(a)pi ~ *-(a)pe
Omaha-Ponca -(a)bi
Kanza/Kaw -(a)be
Quapaw -(a)we
n/a
Proto-Siouan-Catawba
Proto-Siouan
Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-(a)pi ~ *-(a)pe
Proto-Dakota *-pi
Lakota -pi
Dakota -pi
Proto-Dhegiha *-(a)pi ~ *-(a)pe
Omaha-Ponca -(a)bi
Kanza/Kaw -(a)be
Quapaw -(a)we
This marker of plurality in predicates can refer to either agent or patient if both are animate. In DH languages it also apparently marks 3 sg.
non-continuative verb forms. The presence of initial *a- is controversial, since it would be identical with the “ablaute” -a of many verb forms. The analysis depends on diachronic segmentation, which may not be agreed upon. Crow áappaa ‘with’ (GG-63), Hidatsa aapi ‘with’ may shed some additional light on developments here. Crow reflects †áap-haa, where the second morpheme is the common adverbializer. Cf. also Lakota ob ‘with, together with’ (C), Lakota obtu ‘with (more than one)’ (B-367b).
Language | Cognate | Phonetic Siouan | Meaning | Comment | Sources |
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