n/a
Proto-Siouan-Catawba
Proto-Siouan *-rą < *ʔų (?)
Proto-Mississipi-Valley *-rą < *ʔų
Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere
Chiwere -ną ‘it is’ GMsf
Proto-Dhegiha *-rą < *ʔų
Omaha-Ponca ðą ‘up to now, heretofore, past’
Kanza/Kaw -na JOD
Osage no , †ną ‘does’ LF:112a
Quapaw -na ‘past action; imperfective \\quso JOD; RR’
Proto-Southeastern
Proto-Biloxi-Ofo
Biloxi naxó , †ną- ‘sign of past time’ D&S:232a , náⁿni , †ną- ‘a sign of past action (?)’ D&S:234b , nani, naⁿni , †ną- ‘can, might’ D&S:232a
Care must be taken here to exclude particles which are homophones, e.g.
in some languages the šną ‘habitual’ loses its fricative. Some of these forms are derived from *ʔų ‘do’, as in Quapaw ną is conjugated mą, ną, ną. The initial n of the citation form would be the epenthetic glide, r, in a nasal environment. This explains 2nd and 3rd person homophony in Quapaw. In Omaha ðą cooccurs with šną ‘habitual’, so the situation there appears to parallel Quapaw grammatically.
| Language | Cognate | Phonetic Siouan | Meaning | Comment | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|