n/a
Proto-Siouan-Catawba
Proto-Siouan *ku
Proto-Mississipi-Valley
Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere *-kú-
Chiwere š-kú-ñį ‘not’ RR
Hoocąk š-gų́-nį ‘weak dubitative’ , šgųnį, gųnį
Proto-Southeastern
Proto-Biloxi-Ofo
Biloxi ku- ‘part of many negative sentences’
Cf. ‘negative (2)’, ‘negative (3)’. ku is clearly a correlative, similar to Tutelo ki- (HH:28,30), and Hoocąk ke- cf. Lk.. These various correlative prefixes are functionally the same, but derive historically from various sources, presumably deictics or demonstratives which have come to mark off clauses.
Hoocąk/Chiwere forms are clearly segmentable historically. Cf. Dakota -š-ni neg, Biloxi bipartite negative and the DH sibilant negative. Hoocąk nasalization is probably a product of long association with -nį Assiniboine/Stoney show similar aberrant nasalization in the semantically related šį Lack of attestation in most languages makes it unclear the extent to which *ku was associated with negation.
| Language | Cognate | Phonetic Siouan | Meaning | Comment | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|