noun
plant_part
Proto-Siouan-Catawba
Proto-Siouan
*aką́te
Proto-Crow-Hidatsa
Hidatsa
wá•kata, má•kata
‘plum’
AWJ
Pre-Mandan
Mandan
wá•kta
‘wild plums’
RTC
,
katék
‘chokecherries’
RTC
Proto-Mississipi-Valley
*hką́tE
Proto-Dakota
Lakota
khą́ta
‘plums’
RTC
Dakota
kaⁿte
, †khą́te
‘prunus americana’
,
kaŋ´-ta
, †khą́ta
‘plums’
SRR:260b
Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere
*khą́te
Chiwere
khą́ǰe
‘plum’
RR
Hoocąk
kąąč
‘plum’
KM:1760
,
kąąc
Proto-Dhegiha
*hką́te
Omaha-Ponca
kką́de
‘plum’
RR
Kanza/Kaw
kką́ǰe
‘plum’
RR
Osage
hką́ce
‘plum’
RR
Quapaw
kką́tte
‘plum’
RR
Proto-Southeastern
Proto-Biloxi-Ofo
Ofo
akô´ⁿti, akô´ⁿt, akóⁿt
, †aką́ti
‘peach, plum’
D&S:320a
General comment
In Mandan (a) nasalization is wanting and (b) vowel syncope in medial
syllables seems irregular. The former suggests the word is a borrowing from
Hidatsa. The final vowel in Hidatsa and Mandan is unexpected as is the Dakotan variation,
but cf. ‘wing (1)’, ‘ball’, ‘fire’. Ofo, interestingly, lacks
aspiration here even though the k begins a second, stressed syllable
and Swanton transcribed it several times. The length and accentual patterns
in Mandan, Crow and Hidatsa might explain the apparent irregularity in Ofo in terms of a
post-Proto-Siouan accent shift, but this is suspicious because the Ofo aspiration rule
was synchronically active quite late. Post-Proto-Siouan accent shift could also
explain the lack of length of the accented vowels in DH and Chiwere (Hoocąk lengthens
all monosyllables) however, but if this is the case, terms like ‘plum’
will force us to interpret vowel length as distinctive in Proto-Siouan. Biloxi
tkâ´nâ, tokonâ´ ‘peach, apple’ (DS:276b) is clearly either
borrowed from, or contaminated by, a phonetically similar form found in
slightly different shapes in a variety of southeastern languages, cf.
Choctaw tákkonloši ‘plum’; tákkon ‘peach’ (RR) (also
Chickasaw and Alibamu); Tunica téhkʔelu (stem for several fruits)
(MRH); Shawnee tʔkana ‘plum’ (Pentland).
Other languages
-
Choctaw tákkonloši ‘plum’ RR
-
Choctaw tákkon ‘peach’ RR
-
Tunica téhkʔelu MRH
-
Com stem for several fruits
-
Shawnee tʔkana ‘plum’ Pentland.