ice

noun physical_substance

Proto-Siouan-Catawba

Proto-Siouan *(wa)rų•xe

Proto-Crow-Hidatsa *wVrúxV

Crow bulúxa ‘ice’ RG, GG:35, RGG:65

Hidatsa warúxi ~ wirúxi ‘ice’ J , marúxi ~ mirúxi

Proto-Mississipi-Valley *nų́xe, *Rų́xe

Proto-Dakota *čháɣa (?)

Lakota čháɣa ‘ice’ RTC

Stoney čháɣa PAS

Sioux Valley čháɣa PAS

Proto-Hoocąk-Chiwere *nų́•ɣe

Chiwere nų́xe GM

Hoocąk nų́ųx ‘be icy’ KM:2398 , nųųx KM:2383 , nų́ųɣašará , nųųx hašara

Proto-Dhegiha *Rǫ́ɣe ~ *Róɣe

Omaha-Ponca núxe ‘ice’ MAS:100

Kanza/Kaw nǫ́xe ‘ice’ RR

Osage nóⁿxe , †nǫ́ɣe ‘ice’ LF:117b

Quapaw toɣátte ‘ice’ RR , tóɣe ‘ice’ JOD

Proto-Southeastern

Proto-Tutelo-Saponi

Tutelo noñhi , †nųxi ‘ice’ H , nūŋ´ɣ , †nų́•ɣ ‘ice’ H , nâñq-lu-b’ , †nąxlupa ‘icy’ H , nōɣ , †nų•ɣ ‘hail’ H

Proto-Catawba

Catawba mǫhe• ‘ice’ KS, MAS , mǫ́hi• KS, SS

General comment

Dakota is possibly cognate, although the initial consonant and the first vowel are irregular. Pre-Dakota secondary clusters *wy´-, *wr´-, and *wR´- may all become čh´-. This may be the regular set for *R preceding a nasal vowel. The Quapaw form recorded by JOD is a denasalized version of the expected *nǫ́ɣe. Catawba suggests a possible dissimilation here, cf. ‘sitting, be; sitting positional’. Tutelo nâñqlub ‘icy’ (Hw.) and nōɣ ‘hail’ (H) may contain the root for ‘ice’, and if so suggest that the form is bimorphemic.

Language Cognate Phonetic Siouan Meaning Comment Sources